Lim, Wendy Wen Xin (2023) Developing a housing price model based on carbon footprint indicators. Doctoral thesis, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia.

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Abstract

Housing is a major factor leading to carbon footprint emissions, which holds the utmost importance in gaining more insights into its emissions at a different location. Housing carbon footprints vary from each other in terms of connection to urban form and housing characteristics. However, it is unclear about the nexus between them. Considering that appropriate estimate is not available in Malaysia, the development of it is required. This research aims to develop a housing price model based on carbon footprint to measure direct carbon footprint emissions based on housing attributes, housing prices and the characteristics of urban form for terraced properties in Johor Bahru. Observing the implicit influences of each attribute is crucial in evaluating the carbon footprint emissions. Housing submarket analyses based on Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Cluster Analysis; as well as two carbon footprint models, namely the energy-use model and transportation-use model, were used to facilitate the total calculation of housing carbon emissions. Studies on the relationship between housing attributes, especially housing price variables with carbon footprint emission are scarce. Thus, the current work not only highlighted the impact of housing attributes on carbon footprint emission, but also described the changes in housing price through the urbanisation process towards carbon footprint emission on the local scale. To summarise, a spatial pattern map embedded with housing attributes and housing price coefficient was generated on the spatial layout data by using Kernel Density Analysis to define the spatial variability of carbon footprint emissions on the geographical layout. It was found that the density of carbon footprint emissions index for terraced properties in Johor Bahru was doughnut-shaped, where carbon footprint emissions in the city core were lower and gradually building up in the suburban areas, especially Plentong and Tebrau area. Thus, the developed housing price model based on carbon footprint indicators has proven that housing attributes, urban form, and carbon footprint emissions have a strong and unique relationship with the tested variables. Notably, understanding the pattern and linkages of these variables is beneficial in offering new knowledge for urban studies, and to authorities such as JPPH, environmentalists, home buyers and property developers

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