Sariyati, Nur Hartini (2022) Molecular systematics and gut microbiome of endangered Malayan Siamang (Symphalangus Syndactylus in Malaysia. Masters thesis, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia.

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Abstract

The siamang (Symphalangus syndactylus) is native to Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra in Indonesia, and Southern Thailand. Morphologically, two subspecies have been proposed: Symphalangus syndactylus syndactylus (Sumatran population) and Symphalangus syndactylus continentis (Peninsular Malaysia population). However, the current publication identified siamang as single species due to a lack of study for subspecies distinction especially through the molecular approach. Microbial diversity studies have been recorded in major primate, yet Malaysia has a large deficit in research on primate gut microbiome and no study has been carried out on the gut microbiota of the Hylobatidae species, including S. syndactylus. Thus, this study aims to clarify the siamang subspecies' status based on mtDNA D-loop sequences and identify the gut microbiome composition of Malaysian S. syndactylus. There are 16 siamang fecal samples have been collected from different localities in Peninsular Malaysia. DNA sequence from D-loop locus with 600 bp size was amplified and analysed along with 35 GenBank sequences to resolve the taxonomic issue. Gut microbiome identification was conducted by targeting the 16s rRNA region through Next Generation Sequencing (NGS). Phylogenetic analysis results in two distinct clades formed by S. s. syndactylus and S. s. continentis, which supported by a 100% bootstrap value for NJ, 99% bootstrap value for both MP and ML and a 1.00 posterior probability value for BI analysis. Peninsular Malaysia's population diverge early (~1.92MYA) than the Sumatran population (~1.85MYA) through southward expansion. For gut microbiome analysis, a total of 1271030 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) reads were assigned to 110 families and 173 genera of microbes dominated by Lachnospiraceae family and genus RFN20. In conclusion, siamang from Peninsular Malaysia and Sumatra are different subspecies based on molecular approach and Malayan siamang has high diversity and abundance of gut microbiome composition with eleven pathogenic bacteria identified in Malayan siamang gut

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