Imdad, Maria (2023) Enhancing the present block cipher for IoT applications: development and comparative analysis of a lightweight algorithm with improved key schedule algorithm. Doctoral thesis, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia.

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Abstract

The Internet of Things (IoT) has massive connectivity of resource-constrained devices, and enormous data exchange between devices has made it susceptible to various attacks ranging such as tag cloning, identity spoofing, node tempering and denial-of-service attacks. The PRESENT block cipher is a lightweight block cipher that ensures security, with good speed and performance in resource-constrained devices. However, the algorithm has slow confusion and diffusion properties because of the linear relationship between round keys from the Key Schedule Algorithm (KSA) and static bits in the permutation layer during encryption. Therefore, this research presents an enhanced KSA generating random round keys for better confusion and encryption with Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) replication process as a low-cost diffusion solution. The proposed algorithm has been evaluated for KSA and encryption algorithm independently, where the improved KSA has achieved better randomness in round keys. For high- and low-density key datasets, the bit difference value between round keys ranges from 20% to 44% using KSA PRESENT whereas for improved KSA-PRESENT these value range between 53% to 56%, successfully surpassing the minimum 50% criteria. Meanwhile, DNA-PRESENT block cipher has been validated in terms of security, statistical, cost, and performance analysis. The results prove that the value of avalanche effect has increased from 52.26% to 57.38% using DNA-PRESENT and a value of 50%-bit error rate, along with better ciphertext randomness has been achieved. Throughput and hardware efficiency have increased as 176.47 kbps and 43.41 kbps, respectively using DNA-PRESENT. The Gate Equivalence (GE) has increased by 33% using DNA-PRESENT, while the execution time has decreased by 0.0828 seconds. The increase in hardware cost is a trade-off for the security advancements achieved. Hence, lightweight DNA-PRESENT can be considered as an alternate solution to PRESENT block cipher for IoT applications. In the future, PRESENT-80 bits can also be enhanced using the same strategy, and the comprehensive evaluation metrics can be used to evaluate other lightweight cryptographic solutions

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