Mokhtar, Mardiha (2023) A new formulation for assessing coastal erosion and morphology change in the sand-mud beach area. Doctoral thesis, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia.

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Abstract

Coastal erosion prediction in mixed sediment environments, encompassing cohesive (mud) and non-cohesive (sand) components, poses a critical challenge in coastal engineering projects. This research aims to address the issue by achieving four main objectives. Profiles of shoreline and elevation changes were produced using UAV photogrammetry techniques. The data was processed by the Pix4D and Global Mapper application tools, offering valuable insights into coastal dynamics at Pantai Punggor, Batu Pahat, Johor, which is known for erosion. The results revealed that Zone C exhibits accretion of 0.726 m, while Zone D experiences the highest erosion rate (-12.073 m). Volume changes indicated an increase in Zone A, while Zone D showed the most significant erosion. The research achieved Objective 1 by producing shoreline and elevation change profiles. Sediment analyses in Objective 2 revealed poor sediment characteristics in Zone D that contributed to significant changes in its shoreline evolution. Objective 3 assessed the coastal erosion using Dean numbers (N). Zone D had the highest erosion (N = 8.879), and Zone A had the lowest accretion (N = 0.138). However, there was a limitation in the Dean equation as data from the mid tide (MT) and low tide (LT) levels, consisting of sand-mud sediment, exceeded the range for sandy beaches. Objective 4 was achieved by developing a new formulation for erosion and accretion assessment, namely the NMf equation, derived from physical tests. The NMf values ranged from 1.06 in Zone A (accretion) to 3.73 in Zone D (erosion). A confirmation test validated the NMf equation, aligning with the observed pattern. The uniqueness of the novel equation overcame the limitations, providing a reliable tool for evaluating sand-mud sediment erosion. In conclusion, even though coastal evolution can influence erosion and accretion areas, there is a lack of studies on this type of sand-mud coast, and the erosion mechanism is still not clearly understood. This research fills in the gaps by offering sedimentary analyses, including sand-mud sediment, which will aid in the development of better knowledge of how coastal morphology changes occur

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